A number of studies in limited-resource settings have now demonstrated that HIV counseling and testing are effective in reducing HIV risk behaviors and also can reduce actual rates of HIV or other STIs. A recent comprehensive meta-analysis of VCT concluded that HIV testing resulted in risk reduction in persons who were HIV-seropositive and in serodiscordant couples. Most recently, a randomized clinical trial of voluntary HIV counseling and testing versus basic health information was conducted in Kenya, Tanzania, and Trinidad involving over 3100 individuals and 586 couples. In both couples and individuals VCT was associated with a greater reduction in unprotected sex than basic health information alone. In a separate analysis of this study, VCT was found to be cost effective in terms of cost per HIV infection prevented.