In several observational studies, dietary intake of carotenoids as well as vitamin C has been related to reduced risk. A large-scale randomized controlled trial failed to show a protective effect of beta-carotene or vitamin E in Finland, while such a study in a high-risk area in China, where vitamin deficiency was suspected, showed a small reduction in gastric cancer risk among those taking beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium combined. Supplemental use of antioxidative vitamins does not seem ot confer decrease in gastric cancer risk.